Real‑world asset tokens: What crypto wallet users need to know in 2026

Real‑world asset tokens, commonly known as RWAs, represent ownership stakes in physical or traditional financial assets—such as government bonds, real estate, or commodities—recorded and transferred on a blockchain. Unlike native crypto assets like ETH or BTC, RWA tokens derive their value from offchain assets held by custodians or structured through legal entities. 


As of March 2026, tokenized US Treasuries alone have surpassed $11 billion in onchain value, signaling growing institutional and retail interest in this asset category. For crypto wallet users, RWA tokens introduce both new possibilities and distinct considerations around custody, regulatory compliance, and counterparty arrangements. 

This article gives a brief overview of real-world asset tokens, followed by an in-depth exploration of major RWA asset categories available today, market trends, regulatory developments across jurisdictions, associated risks, and practical considerations for managing these tokens in self‑custodial wallets. 

For more on the fundamentals and mechanics of RWAs, check out our guide to understanding real-world assets. and comparison of real-world assets vs traditional securities.

Disclaimer: This guide is for educational purposes only. It is not financial advice, not a solicitation, and not for UK audiences. Tokenized real-world assets are risky and not suitable for all users.

What are real‑world asset (RWA) tokens?

A real‑world asset token is a blockchain‑based representation of an asset that exists outside the blockchain—such as a US Treasury bill, a share in a real estate property, or a gram of gold stored in a vault. The token itself is a digital record, typically following standards like ERC‑20 on Ethereum, but its value is tied to the underlying off‑chain asset rather than to network utility or speculative demand.

This structure differs fundamentally from native crypto assets. When ETH is held, the asset exists directly onchain with no intermediary required. When a tokenized Treasury is held, it commonly represents a claim on an underlying Treasury bill that a custodian or special purpose vehicle (SPV) holds on behalf of token holders. The token provides a convenient way to transfer and track ownership, but the legal and economic substance depends on off‑chain arrangements.

A practical comparison helps illustrate the difference: purchasing a Treasury bill through a traditional brokerage typically results in the brokerage holding the security in a custodial account, with ownership recorded in the brokerage's systems. Purchasing a tokenized Treasury results in similar custodial arrangements, but ownership is recorded on a public blockchain, potentially enabling 24/7 transferability and programmable interactions with other onchain apps.

Key terminology glossary

Understanding RWA tokens requires familiarity with several terms that appear throughout issuer documentation and protocol interfaces:

• Tokenization: the process of creating a blockchain‑based token that represents ownership or rights related to an off‑chain asset.

• Special purpose vehicle (SPV): a legal entity created specifically to hold assets and issue tokens, designed to isolate those assets from the issuer's general business operations and potential bankruptcy.

• Proof of reserves: an auditing practice where a third party verifies that the onchain token supply matches the off‑chain assets held in custody, often published periodically or in real time.

• Whitelist: a list of approved wallet addresses permitted to hold or transfer a particular token, commonly used by issuers to comply with securities regulations requiring investor verification.

• Redemption window: the specified times or conditions under which a token holder may exchange their tokens for the underlying asset or its cash equivalent.

How does real‑world asset tokenization work?

Tokenization follows a multi‑step process that bridges traditional legal and financial infrastructure with blockchain technology:

• Asset origination and selection: an issuer identifies an asset suitable for tokenization—such as a pool of Treasury bills, a commercial property, or gold bullion. The asset must have clear ownership, valuation mechanisms, and custody arrangements.

• Legal structuring: the issuer typically creates a legal wrapper, often an SPV incorporated in a jurisdiction with favorable regulatory treatment. This entity holds the underlying asset and issues tokens representing fractional ownership or claims against the asset pool.

• Smart contract deployment: the issuer deploys a smart contract on one or more blockchains. This contract defines the token's properties, transfer restrictions, minting and burning functions, and any compliance logic such as whitelist requirements.

• Minting and distribution: when investors purchase tokens, the issuer mints new tokens corresponding to the assets acquired. Distribution may occur through direct sales, decentralized exchanges, or integration with brokerage platforms.

• Ongoing administration: the issuer manages custody, yield distribution, regulatory reporting, and redemption requests. Some protocols automate yield distribution through smart contracts; others handle it off‑chain with periodic payments.

• Redemption: token holders may redeem their tokens for the underlying asset or cash equivalent, subject to the terms specified by the issuer. Redemption processes vary widely—some offer daily liquidity, others require notice periods or minimum amounts.

Legal wrappers, custody, and what a token actually represents

The legal structure behind an RWA token determines what rights token holders actually possess. In many cases, holding a token does not mean directly owning the underlying asset. Instead, the token may represent:

• A beneficial interest in an SPV that holds the asset

• A debt obligation from the issuer secured by the asset

• A contractual right to receive payments derived from the asset

This distinction matters significantly in scenarios such as issuer bankruptcy. If the legal structure provides bankruptcy remoteness—meaning the SPV's assets are protected from the issuer's creditors—token holders may have stronger claims. If the structure is weaker, token holders could find themselves as unsecured creditors in a bankruptcy proceeding.

Custody arrangements also vary. Some issuers use regulated custodians with insurance coverage and segregated accounts. Others rely on less established arrangements. Reviewing custody documentation, audit reports, and legal opinions may be essential for understanding the actual protections in place.

How yield flows to token holders

Many RWA tokens, particularly those backed by yield‑generating assets like Treasury bills or private credit, distribute income to token holders. The mechanics differ by protocol:

• Rebasing tokens: the token balance in a holder's wallet automatically increases to reflect accrued yield. For example, Ondo's rOUSG targets a price of approximately $1 per token—as the underlying Treasury assets earn yield, additional tokens appear in the holder's wallet rather than the token price rising.

• Accruing tokens: the token price increases over time to reflect accumulated yield, while the token balance remains constant. Ondo's OUSG works this way—a holder who purchased at $100 might later hold a token worth $105, representing the original principal plus accrued interest.

• Separate distributions: some issuers distribute yield as separate token transfers or stablecoin payments, similar to traditional dividend or interest payments.

Each approach has different implications for tax treatment, accounting, and integration with other onchain apps. Rebasing tokens, for instance, can create complexity when used in lending protocols or liquidity pools.

Categories of RWA tokens

Tokenized government bonds and treasuries

Tokenized US Treasuries represent the largest and fastest‑growing RWA category. These products allow holders to gain exposure to short‑term government debt while maintaining assets onchain. Major examples include:

Ondo Finance (USDY and OUSG): Ondo offers USDY, a tokenized note backed by short‑term Treasuries and bank deposits, and OUSG, which provides exposure to short‑term Treasury ETFs. These tokens are available across multiple chains including Ethereum, Solana, and Aptos. Ondo also offers OMMF, a tokenized money market fund backed by US government securities.

BlackRock USD Institutional Digital Liquidity Fund (BUIDL): launched in March 2024, BUIDL invests in cash, US Treasury bills, and repurchase agreements. As of early 2026, the fund holds approximately $2.2–2.8 billion in assets under management, making it the largest tokenized Treasury product according to RWA.xyz data.

Franklin Templeton OnChain US Government Money Fund (FOBXX): one of the earliest institutional entries, FOBXX launched in 2021 and operates on Stellar and Polygon, with shares recorded onchain.

Circle USYC: Circle's yield-bearing token has grown rapidly and reached approximately $1.9 billion in value, making it one of the largest tokenized Treasury products alongside BUIDL.

Additionally, Ondo Global Markets offers tokenized versions of popular Treasury and bond ETFs—such as SGOVon (0–3 month Treasuries), TLTon (20+ year Treasuries), AGGon (US aggregate bond), and HYGon (high yield corporate bonds)—giving holders exposure to different points along the yield curve via tokenized ETF wrappers.

Tokenized equities

A growing segment of RWA tokenization involves bringing traditional stocks and equity ETFs onchain. Ondo Global Markets is the largest tokenized stock platform, offering over 250 tokenized US securities—including individual equities like AAPLon (Apple), NVDAon (NVIDIA), TSLAon (Tesla), AMZNon (Amazon), and METAon (Meta Platforms), as well as broad index ETFs like SPYon (S&P 500), QQQon (Nasdaq-100), and IWMon (Russell 2000).

These GM (Global Markets) tokens are designed to track the market value of their underlying securities, with dividends automatically reinvested. Trading is available 24 hours a day, five days a week, with token transfers possible around the clock. Access is currently limited to non-US retail and institutional users in supported jurisdictions.

Tokenized private credit

Private credit protocols connect borrowers—often real‑world businesses—with onchain lenders. These products typically offer higher yields than Treasury‑backed tokens but carry correspondingly higher credit risk:

Centrifuge: connects real‑world asset pools, such as invoices, real estate loans, and trade receivables, with decentralized finance liquidity. Centrifuge has facilitated over $1.2 billion in financed assets according to its Q2 2025 reporting, with total value locked exceeding $500 million.

Maple Finance: operates lending pools where institutional borrowers access capital from onchain lenders. In 2025 alone, Maple originated loans totaling over $11 billion and scaled its assets under management from approximately $500 million to over $4.5 billion, positioning itself as the largest onchain asset manager.

Goldfinch: focuses on providing crypto loans to businesses in emerging markets, using a structure where senior and junior tranches offer different risk‑return profiles.

Tokenized commodities

Commodity‑backed tokens provide exposure to physical goods without requiring direct storage or delivery. This category spans precious metals, energy, industrial metals, and broad commodity baskets.

Ondo Global Markets offers a wide range of tokenized commodity ETFs, giving holders price exposure through familiar fund structures:

Precious metals: IAUon (iShares Gold Trust), GLDon (SPDR Gold Shares), FGDLon (Franklin Responsibly Sourced Gold), SLVon (iShares Silver Trust), PPLTon (abrdn Physical Platinum Shares), PALLon (abrdn Physical Palladium Shares), and GLTRon (abrdn Physical Precious Metals Basket).

Energy: USOon (United States Oil Fund), BNOon (US Brent Oil Fund), UNGon (US Natural Gas Fund), and OIHon (VanEck Oil Services ETF).

Industrial and strategic metals: COPXon (Global X Copper Miners ETF), NIKLon (Sprott Nickel Miners ETF), and REMXon (VanEck Rare Earth and Strategic Metals ETF).

Broad commodity baskets: DBCon (Invesco DB Commodity Index Tracking Fund), PDBCon (Invesco Optimum Yield Diversified Commodity Strategy), and FTGCon (First Trust Global Tactical Commodity Strategy Fund).

Uranium: URAon (Global X Uranium ETF).

Other commodity token models exist outside the Ondo ecosystem, such as Tether Gold (XAUT), where each token represents ownership of one troy ounce of physical gold on a London Good Delivery bar, and carbon credit protocols like Toucan and KlimaDAO, which tokenize carbon credits for onchain retirement.

Tokenized real estate

Real estate tokenization divides property ownership into fractional tokens, potentially lowering minimum investment thresholds and improving liquidity compared to traditional real estate investment:

RealT: tokenizes US rental properties, with token holders receiving proportional rental income distributed in stablecoins. Properties are held through individual LLCs, and tokens represent ownership shares in those entities.

Lofty: offers fractional ownership in US residential properties with low minimums, distributing rental income daily to token holders.

Ondo Global Markets also offers VNQon, a tokenized version of the Vanguard Real Estate ETF, which provides diversified exposure to US REITs and real estate equities through a single token rather than fractional ownership of individual properties.

These platforms typically require investor accreditation or KYC verification to comply with securities regulations, though Ondo Global Markets tokens accessible via MetaMask do not require KYC.

RWA token categories at a glance

Category

Example tokens

Underlying asset

Typical yield range

Key risks

Tokenized Treasuries

OUSG, USDY, OMMF, BUIDL, FOBXX, USYC; plus tokenized bond ETFs via Ondo Global Markets (SGOVon, TLTon, AGGon, HYGon)

US Treasury bills, bonds, money market instruments

~1.5–5% (varies with prevailing rates and product structure)

Smart contract risk, redemption delays, regulatory changes

Tokenized equities

Ondo Global Markets GM tokens: AAPLon, NVDAon, TSLAon, GOOGLon, SPYon, QQQon, IWMon, and 250+ others

US-listed stocks and equity ETFs

None (price appreciation + reinvested dividends)

Market/price risk, counterparty risk, regulatory restrictions, smart contract risk

Private credit

Centrifuge, Maple, Goldfinch

Business loans, invoices, trade receivables

8–15%+

Credit/default risk, illiquidity, borrower concentration

Commodities

Ondo Global Markets: IAUon, GLDon, SLVon, PPLTon, PALLon, USOon, BNOon, UNGon, COPXon, URAon; also XAUT

Gold, silver, platinum, palladium, oil, natural gas, copper, uranium, broad commodity baskets

None (price appreciation only)

Commodity price volatility, ETF tracking error, custody risk, storage costs

Real estate

RealT, Lofty; also VNQon (Ondo Global Markets)

Residential and commercial properties, REITs

5–10% (rental yield)

Property‑specific risk, illiquidity, regulatory complexity

This table is for informational purposes only and does not constitute a recommendation of any protocol or token.

For a deeper comparison of how tokenized assets stack up against traditional securities on settlement, cost, and regulation, explore our guide to RWAs vs trad securities.

Risks associated with RWA tokens

Smart contract and technical risks

RWA tokens depend on smart contracts for minting, transfers, and potentially yield distribution. These contracts may contain bugs or vulnerabilities that could result in loss of funds. While many issuers commission third‑party audits, audits do not guarantee security.

Additional technical risks may include:

Oracle failures: some RWA tokens rely on price feeds or data oracles. Oracle manipulation or downtime could affect token functionality.

Blockchain congestion: high network fees or congestion could delay transactions or make redemptions costly.

Key management: issuers hold administrative keys that can pause transfers, blacklist addresses, or upgrade contracts. Compromise of these keys could have severe consequences.

Counterparty and custodial risks

Unlike native crypto assets, RWA tokens introduce counterparty risk. Token holders depend on:

• Custodians holding the underlying assets securely

• Issuers maintaining accurate records and fulfilling redemption obligations

• Auditors providing reliable attestations

If a custodian experiences a security breach, or an issuer becomes insolvent, token holders may face losses regardless of the blockchain's integrity. The legal structure determines recovery prospects—well‑designed SPVs with bankruptcy remoteness, such as those used by Ondo Global Markets, offer more robust protections versus simple contractual arrangements.

Regulatory considerations

Regulatory treatment of RWA tokens remains in flux in many jurisdictions. Risks include:

• Reclassification: regulators could determine that a token previously treated as a non‑security is actually a security, triggering compliance requirements and potentially forcing delisting from exchanges.

• Enforcement actions: issuers operating without proper registration could face enforcement, potentially affecting token liquidity and value.

• Cross‑border complexity: holding a token issued in one jurisdiction while residing in another creates potential conflicts of law.

Liquidity and redemption risks

While tokenization proponents highlight improved liquidity, reality varies significantly by product. Many RWA tokens have limited secondary market trading, with wide bid‑ask spreads and thin order books. Redemption processes may involve:

• Minimum amounts: some issuers require minimum redemption sizes, potentially locking smaller holders into positions.

• Notice periods: redemptions may require advance notice of days or weeks.

• Redemption windows: some products only process redemptions during specific hours or days.

• Fees: redemption fees can reduce effective returns, particularly for short holding periods.

Self‑custody considerations for RWA token holders

Wallet compatibility and transfer restrictions

Not all wallets support all RWA tokens equally. Considerations include:

Token standards: most RWA tokens use ERC‑20 or similar standards compatible with major wallets. However, some use permissioned variants that restrict transfers to whitelisted addresses.

Multichain availability: some tokens exist on multiple chains. Wallet addresses may need to be checked against the correct contract address for the intended network.

Display and tracking: wallets may not automatically display token balances or values for less common RWA tokens. Manual addition of custom tokens may be required.

MetaMask supports ERC‑20 tokens on Ethereum and compatible networks, integrates with many hardware wallets for additional key‑management options, and offers a transaction simulation feature to preview approvals and transfers before signing. These features may be useful when inspecting interactions with unfamiliar token issuers. 

MetaMask provides access to more than 250 tokenized US stocks, ETFs, and commodities via Ondo Global Markets—on key blockchain networks including Ethereum.

KYC requirements and whitelisting

Ondo Global Markets tokens accessible via MetaMask do not require KYC. However, other RWA tokens may require identity verification before wallet addresses can be approved to hold them. The typical process involves:

• Completing KYC through the issuer's platform or a third‑party provider

• Submitting wallet addresses for whitelisting

• Waiting for approval before purchasing or receiving tokens

Once whitelisted, transfers are commonly restricted to other whitelisted addresses. Attempts to send tokens to a non‑whitelisted address may result in a failed transaction or, in some implementations, the tokens being locked.

This creates practical considerations for self‑custody holders:

• Wallet recovery: if access to a whitelisted wallet is lost, a re‑verification process with the issuer may be required to whitelist a replacement address.

• Hardware wallet compatibility: hardware wallet addresses may need to be confirmed as compatible with an issuer's whitelisting process and signing flows.

• Inheritance planning: estate planning for crypto assets becomes more complex when tokens can only be transferred to whitelisted addresses.

Security practices for RWA token holders

Standard self‑custody security practices apply to RWA tokens, with additional considerations:

• One common step is to confirm contract addresses via official issuer documentation and multiple independent sources to reduce the risk of interacting with scam tokens.

• A prudent approach is to review requested token approvals and to use transaction previews or simulation features where available before signing.

• Secret Recovery Phrase security should be treated as a high priority; offline storage and redundancy are often used to protect against loss.

• Monitoring issuer communications may help holders stay informed about contract migrations, redemption deadlines, or regulatory updates that could affect holdings.

Ready to trade tokenized assets? Discover 260+ tokenized assets on MetaMask, with tokenized stocks, funds, ETFs, treasuries, and commodities.