Bitcoin is the first decentralized cryptocurrency, running on a Proof of Work (PoW) network where computers compete to validate transactions by solving cryptographic puzzles. See how Bitcoin works for more on the fundamentals. The idea dates to a 2008 white paper, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, and it launched in 2009, created by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto.
A blockchain is a shared digital ledger that records transactions in cryptographically linked blocks maintained across a distributed network of computers. Because every participant holds a copy, and each block references the one before it, the history is transparent and extremely difficult to alter.
密碼學是一種利用數學技術來保護資訊安全的實踐，使資訊能夠被驗證，但無法被偽造或篡改。在區塊鏈中，密碼學方法用於連結區塊、保護錢包安全，並透過公鑰與私鑰（Private Key）配對來證明所有權。
Censorship resistance is the property that makes it prohibitively difficult for any individual, group, or authority to block, alter, or suppress transactions and data. On public blockchains, no single party can stop a valid transaction from being recorded or prevent a user from reading the chain.
Crypto is the broad, informal term for the ecosystem of digital assets, applications, and networks built on blockchain technology, including cryptocurrencies, tokens, wallets, and decentralized apps. It is shorthand for the wider world of blockchain-based finance and ownership.
Crypto rails are the blockchain-based networks and decentralized financial (DeFi) infrastructure used to move value, much like traditional financial (TradFi) payment rails such as card networks or wire systems. They allow money and digital assets to settle directly on a blockchain, often faster than TradFi rails, and across borders without intermediaries.
A crypto wallet is software or hardware that stores the Private Keys used to access and manage your digital assets, letting you send, receive, and interact with crypto and decentralized apps. The wallet does not hold coins directly; it holds the keys that prove ownership on the blockchain.
去中心化是指將控制權與資料分散至許多獨立參與者，而非集中於單一中央機構。在區塊鏈中，這意味著沒有任何單一實體擁有整個網路，從而使其更具韌性、透明度與抗審查能力。
去中心化金融（DeFi）是一套建立在公共區塊鏈上的金融服務體系，透過智能合約取代銀行或券商，提供交易、借貸、融資及收益等服務。任何擁有錢包的人都可以無需許可地使用這些服務，無需開設帳戶。
去中心化應用程式（又稱 dapps）是透過智能合約在區塊鏈上運行的應用程式，而非運行在由單一公司控制的伺服器上。雖然部分 dapps 讓使用者完全掌控自己的資產與資料，但許多 dapps 屬於混合型，將核心邏輯運行於鏈上，同時將介面或資料儲存保留在傳統伺服器上。
A DAO (decentralized autonomous organization) is a community-run entity whose rules and decisions are enforced by smart contracts rather than by managers or a central authority. Members typically hold tokens that let them propose and vote on how the organization operates.
Discord is a social media platform widely used by crypto and web3 projects to grow communities, coordinate members, share updates, and host support channels. It is a common gathering place for NFT communities and DAOs, though it can also attract scams, so verifying official links, profiles, and servers is essential in order to safely navigate it.
The double spend problem is the risk that the same digital money could be copied and spent more than once. Blockchains solve it by having a distributed network agree on a single, ordered transaction history, so once value is spent it cannot be reused.
Ether（ETH）是以太坊網路的原生加密貨幣，用於支付網路費用（通常稱為 gas）以及透過 staking 協助保護網路安全。截至 2026 年，它是市值第二大的加密貨幣，並驅動以太坊上各種應用程式與代幣的活動。
Etherscan is a public block explorer for the Ethereum network, a website where anyone can look up transactions, wallet addresses, smart contracts, and token activity. It makes Ethereum's transparent, onchain data easy to search and verify.
Minting is the act of creating a new token or NFT and recording it on a blockchain for the first time. For NFTs, minting turns a digital file into a verifiable, ownable onchain asset; for tokens, it is how new units are issued.
非同質化代幣（NFT）是一種獨特且經區塊鏈驗證的代幣，可證明持有者擁有特定數位或實體代幣化物品的所有權，例如藝術品、收藏品或活動票券。與可互換的貨幣不同，每個 NFT 都是獨一無二的，無法進行一對一的交換。
節點是一台運行區塊鏈軟體的電腦，儲存帳本的副本，並協助驗證和轉發交易。網路擁有的獨立節點越多，去中心化程度就越高，也越具韌性。
公開地址是可分享的識別碼，其他人可以用它來傳送加密貨幣給你，類似於銀行帳號。它由你的公鑰衍生而來，可以安全地分享，而其背後的私鑰則必須保密。
公鑰是由您的私鑰所產生的加密代碼，可讓他人驗證您的交易，並作為您公開地址的基礎。與私鑰不同，公鑰可以公開分享，不會危及您的資產安全。
私鑰是一組用來證明某個錢包地址屬於您本人、並授權從該地址發起交易的秘密代碼。任何持有私鑰的人都能掌控對應地址中的資金，因此絕對不能與任何人分享。
權益證明（PoS）是一種共識機制，驗證者透過鎖定（「質押」）加密貨幣作為抵押品，以獲得確認交易和新增區塊的權利。它以經濟激勵機制來保障網路安全，取代了工作量證明（Proof of Work）對大量能源的消耗，也是以太坊目前的運作方式。
A protocol is the set of rules that governs how a blockchain network or application operates: how transactions are validated, how participants reach agreement, and how the system behaves. In DeFi, protocol also refers to specific applications like lending or trading platforms.
A public blockchain is an open network that anyone can read, use, and help validate without permission. Its transparency and lack of a central gatekeeper are what make it censorship-resistant and trustworthy for shared record-keeping.
Public goods are resources that are openly available to everyone and not depleted by use. In web3 this often means open-source code, shared infrastructure, or protocols that benefit the whole ecosystem, and funding them sustainably is a major focus of many blockchain communities.
自託管錢包讓使用者能夠獨自持有（即託管）控制錢包的私鑰，並對錢包內的資產擁有完整所有權。任何公司或銀行均無法存取或凍結自託管錢包中的資產。這將完整的控制權與責任交還給錢包持有者本人，而非任何託管機構或銀行。
「Secret Recovery Phrase」（SRP，又稱助記詞）是一組通常由 12 或 24 個單字組成的清單，作為您整個錢包及其中所有帳戶的主金鑰。任何人只要擁有這些單字，就能存取您的資金，因此必須離線安全儲存，且絕不與他人分享。
智能合約是儲存在區塊鏈上的自動執行程式碼，當條件滿足時，無需中介即可自動履行協議。智能合約透過透明且可靠地執行規則，為 dapps、DeFi、NFTs 和 DAOs 提供運作基礎。
Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies designed to hold a steady value by pegging to an asset such as the US dollar or the euro. They combine the fast, borderless transfer of crypto with price stability, making them widely used for payments, trading, and DeFi.
Web3 is a new phase of the internet built on public blockchains, where users own their money, data, and digital assets directly instead of storing them inside companies' accounts.
To understand web3, compare it to what came before. In web1, the internet was one-way, and most people could only read pages others published. The internet most of us use today is called web2; it lets anyone read, post, share, and interact, but almost always through platforms owned by companies that control your account, data, and content. Web3 keeps that ability to create and interact but changes who's in control: you own your identity and assets, not a company.
In practice, you use a self-custodial wallet, like MetaMask, as your login and account. A self-custodial wallet gives you ownership of your crypto and digital assets, helps prove who you are across apps, and lets you choose what to share—without a company in the middle. Because these apps run on public blockchains rather than private servers, it's harder for any single party to change the rules or lock you out.
Web3 is often used as an umbrella term to cover a wide range of activities, like payments, decentralized finance, NFTs, trading, and online communities.
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